And she found out about that through rumors that were floating around the plantation owner's house. So he says, "All people have the capacity to envision God in their own image." Let us just call it Monday, uh, which was perhaps easier for the planter uh, and you have enslaved people pushing back and saying "No, we actually prefer our rations at the end of the week." So there are missionary movements and bodies and entities that end up playing some of those same roles, but, again, within the sort of new national context, um, that feels different in some ways. Holly Bailey wrote a great book in the wake of the Moore tornado in 2013. So, in a sense, there is--they are complimenting or they are okay with the expressions of the white football players, not okay with the expressions of the black players. And this divide again is going to become reified in the early 20th century, the 1900s into the 1920s. And so it got people wondering how can we interpret this? And she actually confronted that doctor and this happened in 1961. Andrew: I wish I could help us understand our present moment better. But at the close of the Bible the wind figures into the element that brings destruction at the end, the unfolding apocalypse so the four winds of the apocalypse recur throughout Christian history as an image of destruction you find that in some medieval art for example. Graham received a lot of criticism in his life. It is fascinating and I think important for Americans, all of us, to sort of understand better. The slaveholder is kind of like the father. But it is a White Southerner who was remarking that he could not have conceived of an interracial, physical interaction, religious and physical interaction at the same time, outside of this context, because it was so foreign to the way White Southerners thought of race relations. Because what that afforded them was to have their more choice options available to them just after worship on Sunday. I know [chuckles], so you get that along with the Steph Curry shoe. We encourage listeners to visit story of American religion dot org and sign up for future podcast notifications under the sign-up tab. I do not know if some of my colleagues have heard that before but- but I have and- and I- and I try to tell the truth. It is from that, that Niebuhr developed all sorts of related conclusions about American destiny and chosenness. Nobody said that the Navajo Nation would be hit um and one of the hardest um would be one of the hardest hit areas in America. You write that in the 1720s, native communities began inviting Anglo-American ministers and missionaries to reside on their lands. And so he ends up saying, "Slavery is evil as many institutions-- human institutions are, because humans have sinned in them. Chris: That's a great backstory so let's get into the details here. As we are all aware, 2020 has been no different. I think we can back off then we can analyze it a little more and as historians and we can say that it was also was a spectacular event in the precise sense of that. Today this can mean Friday night dinners in Judaism, religious holiday meals in many traditions, communal meals at church, funeral meals, refreshments that attract young people to religious activities, caring for indisposed community members and more. The domestication of Muhammad Ali. He led the 49ers to, a Super Bowl in 2012. So, in a sense the domestication process performance is something that he did on his own. And then, yeah, when she returns to uhm Ruleville, by then the harvest is past and, and they uh SNCC helps them rent a house in town. In fact, [(30:00)] later - later after the election, just as Jefferson thought that the religion card had defeated him four years earlier, John Adams later, after reflecting on the election, he says, it was very close again. Chris: And they really call it that, the Holy Trinity? We are listening to Peter J. Thuesen, historian of American religion and Professor of Religion Studies at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and co-editor of "Religion and American Culture: a Journal of Interpretation." And it is not that we are questioning ourselves but we are ever trying to position ourselves uh, as full humans and position ourselves for safety and sometimes that requires this dealing with the reality that in one instance, we are considered savage and detestable and another instance, what we produce may very well be considered a delicacy. It's, it's, that's the kind of desire that exists. But in their eyes, they see a lot of land that is not used, that is unimproved, the same language I used. This is a pretty important statement in your book, covers a lot of ground here. The league is seventy percent black, so there is a clear discrepancy there. But it is now doing this. Hamilton would move in that direction. And she kind of catches the-- the message of-- of the young, uh, people who are leading SNCC. Chris: Okay. So I asked her, "Are you sure we want to go with that? This is someone who came out of a pretty rough background and kind of organically saw oil and the potential for its discovery in Texas as a way for him to make not just his own life, and his own, kind of, professional vocation kind of flourish but to make his own community flourish as well. He is the Pastor at Harbor Chapel uh Possum Kingdom Lake and the President of Denison Forum in Dallas, Texas. Jefferson for President, Burr intended to be Vice President, and Adams running with his - his new running mate now, now that he had a party ticket, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, the largest slave owner in the South trying to combat and reach just get Southern votes, because otherwise, the thought would be they'd be for Jefferson. When Hamer endures this beating from a, a blackjack, so a, a loaded you know, both sides instrument that uh the police officers in the cell ordered other black prisoners who were there to, to beat Hamer with or else they would be, you know, shot. Lauren: Yes. And I think that also speaks to the commitments that oil patch Americans have to this resource. I have a chapter on Serena Williams in the tennis umpire, from the 2018 US Open final which many people remember. We move forward and move through these questions. Positive attitude towards women in sports as well, but that women have to be separated from men because modesty is extremely important. That's good project for you. As I investigated Robinson's story I discovered that I certainly wasn't the only one. I said, "Oh, yeah." By the same token, some scholars argue that Black folks do not simply attend church. Darren: Well, you know, the story of the Rockefellers is one of consolidating and bringing together - monopolizing. Let us uh move to Pastor uh Ramos, although I think-. And then it also had prohibitions; do not drink alcohol, do not drink hot drinks and then oh, and do not use tobacco and then by the time, a hundred years later when the leader of the church that, 'we are really going to take this seriously now, you all need to obey it' they-they did not focus as much on that positive rules, but they defined the negative ones for everybody since the language was not particularly clear in the Revelation and they said what it means to obey this is it means 'you do not drink alcohol, you do not partake you do not take into your system tobacco in any way" um, what am I missing? Chris: Thank you. So, Americans in their doctrine of Manifest Destiny overspreading the American continent became convinced that God was on their side and even the weather would not stand in their way. Chris: Okay. There's much that we've missed and skipped but I would just encourage listeners to go check out a book on uh Fannie Lou Hamer. She is also the author of Men of Letters in The Early Republic and many articles appearing in venues including the William and Mary Quarterly, The Journal of The Early Republic, Early American Literature, and The US Catholic Historian. And what we saw in many Western countries including the United States among Mainline Protestants was a reaction to that, a concern that they did not want to be contributing to a culturally imperialist model. The first integrated meeting since apartheid and there he insisted, he said, "Christ was a brown man. African religions, American religions, Oceanic religions, and classical Hellenistic religions. Um, you later wrote in the book "Black families will often engage in heated debates about the legitimacy of sacred culinary dishes, like sweet potato pie, greens, collard or mustard, macaroni and cheese or gumbo." Cesar Chavez, uh, grows up as a Mexican-American Catholic in the 40s and 50s. She was the author of many articles and chapters and co-editor of several books including: At the Pulpit, 150 years of Discourses by Latter-day Saint Women, Women and Mormonism: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives and The First 50 years of Relief Society. Thank you so much Peter for taking time to participate and for all your efforts that went in to writing the book. Oftentimes, and I kind of break it down with uh, these categories of religious expression in--that comes through sport, right? So, but the community she founds is very much within the Catholic - we might say, monastic tradition or tradition of convents and monasteries and so forth. Graham: I hope so. Um I want to share with you that [throat clearing] my own transformation uh during this pandemic. The second case study is Guatemala. Like the economic exploitation that she was seeing uhm happened day in and day out on the plantation. I have young people in the other room that I have to go with their elementary lessons here in just a little bit for school. Chris: The first one you call, "It is just a game.". This is startling when you realize that at the beginning of the American experiment in self-government, religions and their adherence were almost completely Protestant and vehemently and even violently sometimes - anti-Catholic. On the Christian Broadcasting Network he is on quite a bit. If you have not done so yet, please visit story of American religion dot org and sign up for the future podcast notifications under the sign-up tab. It's easy to forget just how visceral anti-Catholicism was as late as the early 1960s. And the way I talk about that storm in the book is that it was a reminder even in the wake of the rise of modern science in the 19th century, that the forces of nature could only be mastered so far. Chris: First, and I think your answer here will help our listeners frame the discussion that we are going to have. All, against the backdrop of this Catholic menace-- of this communist menace, rather, in the fear that communism will overtake freedom and American society as a whole. and another person said, "For me going to the farmer's market is like going to church. And so, not consciously necessarily, but when I came to write about oil and religion I started thinking back about my own background. I mean there was one person who wrote into the local paper who said that Xenia always had a reputation for wickedness so this must be Gods retribution for that. I have a picture in the book of a man with a stunned look on his face, by his overturned piano in a pile of rubble that presumably was once his house. Darren: For sure. They called him America's chaplain. He intensely disliked that but it's true. It has been super enlightening and I hope you have enjoyed the time with us as well. And, in Xenia alone 34 people were killed and so it indelibly imprinted that town with this disaster. Nobody told us that we would have to uh shelter in place uh for days on end and uh almost uh get to a point where we were rationing our food. Um, the Americas are a vast vast area and its history is rich and diverse. Lauren: Absolutely. Um, that statement really draws from the theme of my first book Reclaiming Spirit in the Black Faith Tradition and in there, I am making the case that when I think about the Black Faith tradition within the context of the Black church or even other forms of religiosity that African-Americans involve themselves in, I think of it in terms of a theme of reclamation. Chris: So, Darren, let's come up to the 1970s and you write that the "Saudis embraced their oil windfalls as signs of a shining destiny to lead a global religion and that Saudi Arabia stood as the city on the hill of this theology of exceptionalism." What a beautiful hour this has been. So he was never shy about marketing his message. What did all this mean? He means that God metaphorically identifies with the struggle of Black people. And yet, there was also what became a well-known incident when one person in the town was interviewed by CNNs Wolf Blitzer, and he said to her at one point in the interview do you thank God for the fact that you survived? She hesitated a moment, Well, I, Im an atheist. And it was an awkward moment for Wolf Blitzer because he was caught off guard. Going forward we will see what fruit that commitment, you know, bears out, but I will say that if we want to look at the roots of some of our kind of environmental-- current environmental politics and protest against fossil fuels, be it coal or oil, even in the southwest, even the oil patch, I think we would do well-- do well to respect and appreciate the power of faith commitments within that equation as well. Her mother, Luella was blinded by an accident where she was clearing brush. Kate: Yeah, maybe the easiest part to kind of use as a way in here is fitting in and intentionally failing to fit in. He has plans for 2030 and understands what life looks like there. When they arrived into the courthouse the registrar told them that they had to, you know, come back in, two at a time and they had to take this test that was designed to bar their civic assertion, right? So he would--he would in a sense say, "I pray." I would like to remind our listeners to go to storyofamericanreligion.org and navigate to the signup tab to register for future podcast notifications. Being Catholic was very different from being Protestant and being Jewish was very different as well. And in 1963 uhh the Buddhists who felt repressed under the Diem government launched a peaceful, a, a series of peaceful protests. There are countless ones of these. So the civil rights workers decide to just leave, try to get back on the bus on the way and now ponder who was one of the organizers starts to copy down the license plate tags of the police officers as they were trained to do so and they were reporting these to the justice department. So there's actually a few ways of this plays out. Charles Finney | Christian History | Christianity Today In fact, sports has been militarized if you take a look at the logo of the National Football League, you'll see that it's an American flag in the shape of a shield. We can be the presence of God in places of hurt. And so this is where the providential nature of oil kind of fold it into a regional identity for him. Communist and Muslim states stood out as hostile to Evangelism in part because Evangelicals define religious freedom as and I'm quoting here from the book, "The freedom to practice and propagate religion in accordance with the will of God." The details of it are somewhat disputed and whether the way Luther wrote about this particular story is entirely accurate is also disputed, but there is this famous story of Luther being caught in a thunderstorm and he is terror struck and the first thing he thinks to do is pray to St. Anne, who is among other things, the patroness of people caught in thunderstorms, and so he makes a spontaneous vow, according to the old story, St. I am Lead Pastor of CityPoint Community Church in Chicago's South Loop neighborhood. Thank you, Peter. So Vincent Harding was an associate's of King and was someone who was important in the development of Black theology in the nineteen-sixties. So, his angle is more of a critical analysis of the relationship, whereas, Novak is trying to--to link the two together. Andrew: And so in the 1960s what the American Council of Christian Churches wanted to highlight was the fact that yes, this is a difficult war to support in some ways. Christen: So in a word, what was Frank Deford saying in that three-part essay? Chris: Okay, but then we hit mid-19th century and some things begin to change, you explain a concept or a phenomenon called muscular Christianity. It came into vogue, I guess first in Europe about that time. Contemporary, uh, critics have picked up this point and have said that the phrase we now use is structural racism which is a sort of the collective structural racism embedded in the very institutions of American history have to be addressed. And what are its implications for us? Maybe they actually knew that Sports could become the most important religion if they didn't watch out, but they were not pro-religion in any way. Were not absolutely sure, but we think it was a singe tornado that moved across those states, a long-track tornado that maintained its destructive power over hundreds of miles. PETER: Sure. Elijah wandered until Jehovah guided him to a widow who only possessed a bit of meal and a cruse of oil. What's going on there? They were able to make certain demands that manifested themselves in certain forms of agency. So they gained and he gained at a very human level. I can't be a pacifistic president. So, you have this kind of clear divide but then the Sports Illustrated article, so then I kind of get into the meat of the matter, the double standard part of it. What is so emblematic about it? Centuries before the first European colonizers, Native American peoples had crafted ritual and utilitarian objects that reflected the natural environment and their beliefs. I- I think I have become more- more mindful of the responsibility is given to religious leaders. And you cannot simply address it at the level of better individual race relations. And rather than just dropping everything and ending his sermon and rushing home, Mather, to model an unconcern for worldly things, continued his sermon. And the Reagan Administration encounters a lot of pushback, right? By 2016, the beginning of that season, he was not the starter anymore but was still on the team as the second-string quarterback at that time. They left England because they couldn't stand an established church in England, appealed to those people and so, Baptists, especially in Virginia and other places over in Rhode Island went behind - went behind Jefferson. Rose. And so, she became the timekeeper on the plantation. That begins to happen in the late 60s, especially the 1970s with the rise of OPEC and Muslim oil-producing nations. Many people are not that interested in sports but then, of course, there are many people who are not that interested in politics, there are many people who are not that interested in religion. He is the Chaplain at Broken Arrow Bible Ranch on the Navajo Nation. For example, one of the things that the Reagan Administration was really eager to do in its time in office was to try to chip away at some of the, sort of relationships between the Soviet Union and its clients states or sort of friendly allied states in the Eastern Bloc. Uh, my research has shown at different points where enslaved people would literally debate and offer push back to uh, the planters who would want to offer the ration for-- the weekly ration on a particular day. I mean, there, there were horrific examples made of people who stood up against white supremacy. Same facts, different world. Thank you. It came up quite often in the records of their conversations just really pushing the Soviets to let these folks emigrate. And therefore, putting Jackie Robinson on the field was going to bring African-Americans to the ballpark and other people as well, and they would be more successful and therefore make more money. So you write this, that is-that is interesting. Rebecca: Well, I just think about the YMCA. I am utilizing another definition for reclamation which is the extraction from waste and refuse or trash something usable. Peace either at home or in the context of the late 1930s and early 1940s, you couldn't have peace abroad. So Cesar Chavez was something of a figure parallel to Martin Luther King in the sixties. And so there's a certain wariness and there was a public cooperation, uh, from about 1957 on, when Graham invited King to come to his Crusade. What is the significance of this finding? Andrew: Well, as I said earlier when I began this book in I began in 2003. And black bodies have historically been sites where they perceive chaos to be. And the way you tell it, Darren, religion seemed to be bound up in the discovery of oil and its potential uses for humankind. So there is multiple reasons, I think, why that petition comes into play. And there's these sets of debates that emerge out of the Congress that reflect some of those challenges of the 1960s and 1970s, the challenges of decolonization that I was just mentioning. How did the historical, well, I guess you are a philosopher, not a historian, right? The re-constituting of its economic and political power was so much driven by its control of oil and that would-- that would again elicit not merely kind of material or economic aspirations but forge kind of a narrative about American exceptionalism as divinely blessed that would carry it through the heart of the 20th century. So there is-- there is a kind of history of activism which then becomes public in the 50s and 60s. So she was very anti-hate, very pro-nonviolent, and she took her religious beliefs and she parlayed them into politics." Thank you. And she enters the national stage, because she goes to the Democratic Convention in 1964. PETER: Yes, I do think that the tornado is a particularly powerful emblem, its certainly a particularly American emblem, in that the United States is home to more violent tornadoes than any other nation on earth, I mean other nations can certainly have tornadoes, but our particular geographical situation gives rise to more violent tornadoes than anywhere else on earth and so thats why tornadoes loom so large in the American imagination. And there have been a lot of, theologians and religious studies scholars who have talked about the ways in which, in the aftermath of the earthquake, the message of Evangelical Christianity, which has kind of apocalyptic overtones which talks about,- which talks about and contextualizes events like an earthquake really effectively that they were able to bring people in impart because of the shock of the earthquake.

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