In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Long Beach, CA, USA, 1620 June 2019; pp. Variation with the earthquake magnitude of the mean peak ground velocity and peak ground displacement. Moreover, the dilated convolution is also applied to the axes related to the spatial dimension. Zhang, L.; Shi, Z.; Han, J.; Shi, A.; Ma, D. FurcaNeXt: End-to-end monaural speech separation with dynamic gated dilated temporal convolutional networks. Xu was a Professor at King Saud University from February 1999 to July 2000. Since it is a crustal event, it was not mentioned in Table 1. To validate our approach, we test it against a benchmark often used for human action recognition problems and we show that our solution obtains comparable results to the state-of-the-art, but with a significant increase in the inference speed. It can be observed from Figure 14, that, on the one hand, the design response spectra constructed according to the abovementioned procedure fail to capture the long-period spectral amplifications occurring during large magnitude Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes and on the other hand fail to capture the significant short-period spectral amplifications which were observed during smaller magnitude earthquakes. Regarding computational capabilities, TCNs, much like other convolutive networks, can take advantage of asynchronous and/or parallel computational architectures, most notably Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) vectorial computing units and FPGAs. View The Strong Romanian Earthquakes of 10.11.1940 and 4.03.1977. Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania. For the problem of recognising human actions, the format used should be, Moreover, another further development consists of the integration of the proposed module within the Amiro robotic platform presented in [. B. Grecu, M. Popa, and M. Radulian, Seismic ground motion characteristics in the Bucharest area: sedimentary cover versus seismic source control, Romanian Reports in Physics n.d, vol. This skeleton can be represented as a graph with its nodes in the shape of a human that change their spatial coordinates through time. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the The values for the speed and the number of parameters are taken from [, International Conference on Multimedia Modeling, Proceedings of the 26th International Conference, MMM 2020, Daejeon, Korea, 58 January 2020, International Conference on Neural Information Processing, Proceedings of the 27th International Conference, ICONIP 2020, Bangkok, Thailand, 1822 November 2020, European Conference on Computer Vision, Proceedings of the 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1114 October 2016, European Conference on Computer Vision, Proceedings of the 16th European Conference, Glasgow, UK, 2328 August 2020. 645652. Weinland, D.; Ronfard, R.; Boyer, E. Free Viewpoint Action Recognition Using Motion History Volumes. E. Calarasu, Microzonation of Local Soil Conditions for Bucharest and its Metropolitan Area with Applications for the Evaluation of Seismic Risk, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 2012. Nan, M.; Trscu, M.; Florea, A.M.; Iacob, C.C. [3], Nesterov is most famous for his work in convex optimization, including his 2004 book, considered a canonical reference on the subject. Subsequently, he joined East China University of Science and Technology as Lecturer and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1990. Yurii Nesterov - Wikipedia The general scheme of the proposed TCN-based architectures is presented in. Another advantage of our approach is that it does not consider the order of the skeletons. [28], and Lungu et al. Distribution of the epicentral distance and peak ground acceleration with the earthquake magnitude for the database. P. Olteanu and R. Vacareanu, Ground motion model for spectral displacement of intermediate-depth earthquakes generated by Vrancea seismic source, Geosciences, vol. Song, Y.F. He is currently a professor at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain). It can be observed that there are significant differences between the relations reported in Pavel et al. Xu's research areas include nonlinear functional analysis, iterative methods for nonlinear equations, and inverse and ill-posed problems, convex and nonconvex optimization algorithms for big data problems, geometry of Banach spaces, and mathematical finance. ; AbuFarha, Y.; Liu, Y.; Cheng, M.M. Intuitively, Nesterov's acceleration is exploring points near the result we get from the gradient descent-type algorithm, choosing larger and larger exploratory steps (as governed by the increasing size of the momentum term). Bai, S.; Kolter, J.Z. A. Bala, B. Grecu, V. Ciugudean, and V. Raileanu, Dynamic properties of the Quaternary sedimentary rocks and their influence on seismic site effects. We give a theoretical analysis. For future work, we have two directions of research. It is not easy to read Nesterov's works (very mathematical), but in order to get an understanding of the concept it is sufficient to look at ISTA (Iterative Tthresholding . Moreover, the proposed TCN-based architectures are structurally simpler than others with comparable performance. These two approaches are based on a simplified machine learning architecture. Four ideas (three acceleration methods) by Nesterov (1983, 2005, 2007) 1983: original accleration idea for smooth functions 1988: another acceleration idea for smooth functions 2005: smoothing techniques for nonsmooth functions, with original acceleration idea 2007: acceleration idea for composite functions1 1998, coupled The main contributions of our current work include the following: We propose two approaches that obtain results comparable to state of the art for the human action recognition problem, but which have a shorter inference time. Action Recognition with Spatio-Temporal Visual Attention on Skeleton Image Sequences. 103118. Trscu, M.; Nan, M.; Florea, A.M. Spatio-Temporal Features in Action Recognition Using 3D Skeletal Joints. F. Pavel and D. Lungu, Correlations between frequency content indicators of strong ground motions and PGV, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol. Comparison between the empirical relations for the computation of the peak ground acceleration, velocity, and displacement from various studies. For example, methods based on RGB images may become dependent on the environment in which the training set samples were collected. [, Li, M.; Chen, S.; Chen, X.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Tian, Q. Actional-structural graph convolutional networks for skeleton-based action recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Long Beach, CA, USA, 1620 June 2019; pp. This aspect allows us to obtain a better performance in the case of a dataset with a larger number of classes. P. K. Malhotra, Smooth spectra of horizontal and vertical ground motions, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. This study focuses on the assessment of the correlation and variability of ground motion amplitudes recorded in Bucharest area during Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes from a database of 119 pairs of horizontal components. CEN/TC 250/SC 8, Eurocode 8: Earthquake Resistance Design of Structures Work-Ing Draft 18 02.2021, CEN, Brussels, Belgium, 2021. F. Pavel, V. Popa, and R. Vacareanu, Impact of Long-Period Ground Motions on Structural Design: A Case Study for Bucharest, Romania, Springer International Publishing, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ; Data curation: M.N. Our contribution consists in integrating the joint rearrangement module in this pipeline. Each type can be differentiated from each other depending on the part of the body that is involved. Correlation between the peak ground velocity and peak ground displacement and the spectral accelerations. We focus on recognizing human actions based on data extracted using the Kinect sensor because the processing operation for such data is computationally efficient. and C.C.I. Das, S.; Sharma, S.; Dai, R.; Bremond, F.; Thonnat, M. Vpn: Learning video-pose embedding for activities of daily living. An action can be seen as a series of human body movements. 35, no. If the learning rate is too large, gradient descent diverges. The correlation between the spectral accelerations and the peak ground velocity and displacement is evaluated based on a ground motion database of 119 pairs of horizontal components from 11 Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes. N. A. Abrahamson, W. J. Silva, and R. Kamai, Summary of the ASK14 ground motion relation for active crustal regions, Earthquake Spectra, vol. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without The characteristics of the seismic events, the number of ground motion recordings, epicentral distance range, and peak ground acceleration (PGA) range for each earthquake are reported in Table 1. The variability in terms of shear wave velocities at specific depths is smaller than the variability of the spectral amplitudes of the recorded ground motions. For all three depth levels (10m, 30m, and 50m), three statistical tests (KolmogorovSmirnov, Chi-squared, and AndersonDarling) did not reject the normality assumption for significance levels in the range 0.010.20. ; Abdiyeva, K.; Kot, A.C. Skeleton-based human action recognition with global context-aware attention LSTM networks. Papers With Code is a free resource with all data licensed under, methods/nesterov_update_vector_y4AsnqN.png. Spectral acceleration response and transfer functions can be obtained from the in situ measurements using SHAKE program. [. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Long Beach, CA, USA, 1620 June 2019; pp. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062051, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Correction: Ritt, G. Laser Safety Calculations for Imaging Sensors. The approach for which we obtained the best results is the one based on TCNs. Subsequently, the peak ground velocity and displacement are evaluated using relations (3) and (4) from the spectral accelerations obtained using the ground motion model of Pavel et al. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Long Beach, CA, USA, 1620 June 2019; pp. In contrast to earlier work, our derivationdoes not rely on a vanishing step size argument.We show that Nesterov acceleration arises fromdiscretizing an ordinary differential equation with semi-implicit Euler integration scheme. Sensors. [5][6][7][8][9] This method, sometimes called "FISTA", was further developed by Beck & Teboulle in their 2009 paper "A Fast Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding Algorithm for Linear Inverse Problems". In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, WA, USA, 1419 June 2020; pp. M. Radulian, N. Mndrescu, G. F. Panza, E. Popescu, and A. Utale, Characterization of seismogenic zones of romania, in Seismic Hazard of the Circum-Pannonian Region, G. F. Panza, M. Radulian, and C.-I. Nesterov44FISTA 3 We show that Nesterov acceleration arises from discretizing an ordinary differential equation with a semi-implicit Euler integration scheme. Nesterov accelerated gradient. - Machine learning journey As previously presented, these modules are obtained by combining TCNs with GCNs [, We started from the performances obtained by the architectures we proposed in a previous paper [. He, K.; Zhang, X.; Ren, S.; Sun, J. Delving deep into rectifiers: Surpassing human-level performance on imagenet classification. Shahroudy, A.; Liu, J.; Ng, T.; Wang, G. NTU RGB+D: A Large Scale Dataset for 3D Human Activity Analysis. This fact makes them suitable for use in real-time scenarios. 158, no. In addition, it was observed that the variability in terms of shear wave velocities at specific depths is smaller than the variability of the spectral amplitudes of the recorded ground motions. 29, no. [. This is extended to the case of composite optimization by Beck and Teboulle in 2009. Geng, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, L.; Zhang, L.; Yang, Q.; Ye, J.; Liu, Y. Spatiotemporal multi-graph convolution network for ride-hailing demand forecasting. [2103.06494] Nesterov Acceleration for Equality-Constrained Convex He has addressed many international conferences as invited and keynote speakers. For this variant, a temporal window of size 3 was used for TCN units that do not use dilated convolution and a temporal window of size 9 for those TCN units that use dilated convolution. ; Zhang, Z.; Wang, L. Richly activated graph convolutional network for action recognition with incomplete skeletons. In higher-dimensional settings, the problem could arise from elliptical geometry: the second derivatives are different in different directions, so that it is difficult to choose a learning rate that guarantees good convergence in all dimensions. ; Writingreview and editing: M.N., C.C.I., A.M.F. 210, no. Peng, W.; Hong, X.; Chen, H.; Zhao, G. Learning Graph Convolutional Network for Skeleton-Based Human Action Recognition by Neural Searching. This algorithm has however a slow sublinear rate of convergence. 6: 2051. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. 10, no. Therefore, the order in which the elements related to the spatial dimension appear is important. [10], His work with Arkadi Nemirovski in their 1994 book[11] is the first to point out that the interior point method can solve convex optimization problems, and the first to make a systematic study of semidefinite programming (SDP). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062051, Nan, Mihai, Mihai Trscu, Adina Magda Florea, and Cezar Ctlin Iacob. 5777, Birkhuser, Basel, Switcherland, 2000. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. An action is represented in the form of a sequence of frames. Nesterov (1983) initiated an acceleration method which can speed up the convergence rate of the gradient-projection algorithm from O(1/k) to O(1/k^2). [29]. In the strongly convex case, Nesterov acceleration achieves the rate O((1 p =L)k), where gradient descent achieves a rate O((1 =L)k) (see [43, Theorem 2.1.15] for instance). Introduction of attention mechanisms was an intuitive choice because there may be joints that are relevant for specific actions or there may be actions for which a certain sequence of frames is specific. The variation of the peak ground velocity and peak ground displacement with the earthquake magnitude is analysed in Figure 3. Plizzari, C.; Cannici, M.; Matteucci, M. Spatial temporal transformer network for skeleton-based action recognition. The maximum correlation coefficient between the PGV and PGD and the spectral accelerations are observed at T=1.0s and T=2.0s, respectively. From the point of view of spectral accelerations, Vacareanu et al. 2021. ; Dieleman, S.; Zen, H.; Simonyan, K.; Vinyals, O.; Graves, A.; Kalchbrenner, N.; Senior, A.; Kavukcuoglu, K. Wavenet: A generative model for raw audio. Comparison between Recurrent Networks and Temporal Convolutional Networks Approaches for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition. 506518, 2006. On the Asymptotic Linear Convergence Speed of Anderson Acceleration (Momentum)SGDNesterovSGD - 28422850, 2014. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Stockholm, Sweden, 1319 July 2018; pp. [. It can be observed that the recording seismic stations are more spread as compared to the positions of the boreholes. For the Nesterov acceleration (1), a detailed analysis has been performed by Neubauer [15] with the result that, assuming a usual source condition (12) and an appropriate a priori stopping rule,. The convergence of gradient descent optimization algorithm can be accelerated by extending the algorithm and adding Nesterov Momentum. Significant long-period spectral amplifications have been observed in Bucharest, the capital city of Romania, during large magnitude Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes occurring in the past 40 years [1, 2]. In these cases, we set a small learning rate, obtained as the reciprocal of an upper bound on the global curvature across dimensions. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly 1332, 2007. 19, no. The depth of 50m was chosen since a significant number of boreholes (about half of the available 41) reached this depth and only a limited number extended to larger depths. Issues, Insights and Lessons Learnt, R. Vacareanu and C. Ionescu, Eds., pp. [, Li, W.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, Z. [. However, the cause of the acceleration has been a mystery for a long time. 8, pp. The mean and the standard deviation of the shear wave velocity measured in the upper 30m and 50m, respectively, of soil deposits are reported in Table 3. The description in terms of an approximating quadratic that is updated at each iteration. He joined the University of Durban-Westville (renamed as University of KwaZulu-Natal in 2004) in August 1994 as an Associate Professor and was promoted to Professor in 1997 and Senior Professor in 2003. 221258, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2014. R. Paolucci, M. Aimar, A. Ciancimino et al., Checking the site categorization criteria and amplification factors of the 2021 draft of Eurocode 8 Part 1-1, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. On Nesterov acceleration for Landweber iteration of linear ill-posed An important observation that needs to be clarified, before presenting the difficulties and challenges of the problem, is related to the difference between the different types of human movements. 143152. Liu, Z.; Zhang, H.; Chen, Z.; Wang, Z.; Ouyang, W. Disentangling and Unifying Graph Convolutions for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition. Gradient Descent With Nesterov Momentum From Scratch ; Formal analysis: M.N., M.T. The design response spectra constructed according to the procedure given in the Eurocode 8 draft [30] fail to capture the long-period spectral amplifications occurring during large magnitude Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes and on the other hand fail to capture the significant short-period spectral amplifications which were observed during smaller magnitude earthquakes.

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