This event is known as Chuang Guandong (literally crashing into Guandong); Guandong is a traditional name of Manchuria. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, Roberts S, Winters J (2013) Linguistic diversity and traffic accidents: lessons from statistical studies of cultural traits. Questions and Answers for [Solved] According to the cognitive-developmental theory, A) children's gendered behavior comes before self-perceptions. The social perception of professions from a cross-linguistic perspective. Psychol Bull 135:859884. valenciagomez_ederomar_M11S3AI5.docx - Course Hero The authors declare no competing interests. TFm in Eq. and v represent the external scale factors that contribute to the gendered use of occupational terms, such as the overall gender distribution in a society and the vertical segregation within occupations or sectors (Blackburn et al., 2001); these should be separately identified and measured, and were set as 1 in this study. View needs-revision-essay-iii-04-11-2020.docx from BA 302 at University of Michigan. J Adolesc Health. A . Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Soc Probl 16:198208. To examine these trajectories in early childhood, 229 children (African American, Mexican American, and Dominican American) were followed annually from age 3 to 5 years, and gender-stereotypical . Given that Chinese is a genderless language, this sociolinguistic construct of naming offers a set of direct, and potentially richer, data for gendered language use. As the questionnaire was primarily intended to measure the matching between the gendered perception of occupations and the gendered use of occupational terms, rather than functioning a wide-ranging social survey, the convenience sampling approach was used for the selection of the participants. However, while body shape seems to influence more the judgment of female bodies, body motion seems to play a major role in the judgments of male bodies. It is important to note here that the definition of gender is being male, female, or another identification in between. The sexual structure of occupations over time. A key prediction of cognitive theories of gender development concerns developmental trajectories in the relative strength or rigidity of gender typing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0706-3, Article To understand the distribution of GO values upon different occupations, the GO index for each occupation was further evaluated. (Solved) Research on gender typing reveals that - Biology Forums However, it should be noted that almost all the GOs are larger than 3. The GO value for each year in the designated period was calculated based on Eq. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. We established that there is a range of differences among the varieties of the same language. Gender typing is the process that a child goes through to become aware of his or her gender. First, as linguistic genders are grammaticalized, it is difficult to ascertain if and to what extent the established convention leads to conceptual gender typing or vice versa. That is, we recognise that each important issue in the humanities and social sciences must be viewed in, and cannot be disassociated from, its sociocultural context. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000142, Sendn MG, Bck EA, Lindqvist A (2016) Introducing a gender-neutral pronoun in a natural gender language: the influence of time on attitudes and behavior. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. National Library of Medicine https://doi.org/10.2307/3004016, Xu H et al. The benefits and drawbacks of gender typing: how different - PubMed Front Psychol 6:1023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01023, Article Front Psychol. This can be seen by the growing presentation of females and the efforts being made to promote gender-fair language (Macalister, 2011; Norberg, 2016), while at the same time there is still the existence of gender bias with male terms as the pseudo-generics and norms (notably higher frequencies) (Holmes, 2001; Moser and Masterson, 2014). Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, China, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hongkong, China, You can also search for this author in https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00682-w, Irmen L, Roberg N (2004) Gender markedness of language: the impact of grammatical and nonlinguistic information on the mental representation of person information. While the existing literature on gendered language has been an important and useful tool for reading a text in the context of digital humanities, an innovative textual analytics approach, as shown in this paper, can prove to be a crucial indicator of historical trends and variations in social development. Blum argued that naming terms are used to establish and maintain social hierarchy as well as to give face. These migration flows caused dramatic changes in the culture and language of the receiving regions. CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 10 Flashcards | Quizlet Women, Karate, and Gender Typing* | Request PDF - ResearchGate https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289675, Sanchez D et al (2017) Familial ethnic socialization, gender role attitudes, and ethnic identity development in Mexican-origin early adolescents. In addressing controversy surrounding the stability and structure of gender-typing it was found that from year to year, most behaviors showed moderately stable individual differences. Using the linguistic index, longitudinal analysis reveals the social changes and trends in gender equality in occupational settings in China over the past 70 years. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v8il.71, Naroll R (1961) Two solutions to Galtons problem. Child Development 2013 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc. Means of observed gender-typed appearance, Means of observed gender-typed appearance over time by ethnic group. Means of gender-typed dress-up play frequency over time by ethnic group. Gaucher et al. It consists of three Northeast provinces of China, i.e. Gender is defined by social constraints rather than the biological male or female designation. Google Scholar, Baker P (2014) Using corpora to analyze gender. Two major themes are discussed. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) PubMed A quantitative analysis was conducted to measure the gender markedness of 63 occupations listed in the Holland Code, using the linguistic index on a multi-domain corpora. Q Rev Econ Financ 39:611624. The index shows the proportion of feminine markedness to the total gender markedness. b. preschool girls prefer to play in larger-group play with other girls. J Youth Adolesc. Nevertheless, GO can still show variation tendency of gender segregation with the simplified and v. Figure 2 presents the relative segregation of occupations, calculated by TFf/TFm (the main part in Eq. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617741719, Su R, Rounds J, Armstrong PI (2009) Men and things, women and people: a meta-analysis of sex differences in interests. The Stereotypes in MBA Case Studies - Harvard Business Review https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqt017, Kunda Z, Oleson KC (1997) When exceptions prove the rule: How extremity of deviance determines the impact of deviant examples on stereotypes. David Perry Florida Atlantic University Rachel Pauletti Lynn University Abstract This article summarizes and critiques recent trends in research and theory on the role of gender in adolescent. Specifically, the male group identified men as more suitable for these four occupations, whereas the female group considered women to be more suitable. Grounded in the RIASEC model, the Holland Codes, or the Holland Occupational Themes, were developed for the classification of occupations. See more documents like this. To examine these trajectories in early childhood, 229 children (African American, Mexican American, and Dominican American) were followed annually from age 3 to 5 years, and gender-stereotypical appearance, dress-up play, toy play, and sex segregation were examined. 6 that they are mainly concentrated in the remote and minority regions of China. Frontiers | Motion and Gender-Typing Features Interact in the It is noted that the provinces with relatively low gender segregation usually have massive flows of inter-provincial migration and rich cultural integration. Occupational gender segregation and gendered language in a language without gender: trends, variations, implications for social development in China. The quantitative results of this study were calculated using R. The Y-axis has been log scaled since the number of gendered markedness with occupations vary widely. question. (2002) Indicators on gender segregation. B) irreversibility. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00440, Liu Y et al. Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, Macalister J (2011) Flower-girl and bugler-boy no more: changing gender representation in writing for children. government site. 120, Beukeboom CJ (2014) Mechanisms of linguistic bias: How words reflect and maintain stereotypic expectancies. Guizhou and Yunan are also the provinces with a large population of minorities, while all other provinces in China have a Han majority. Although such variations are commonly observed in demographic studies and can be clearly seen when comparing national data, little systematic text-based analysis has been conducted to show the regional variations of gender typing. Appl Psychol 28:277293. HDFS 2400 - Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet Bookshelf Su, Q., Liu, P., Wei, W. et al. A possible formula for calculating D is presented in Eq. From the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 to near the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, as presented in Fig. PLoS ONE 13:e0201150. 2. Quiz 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood The participants task was to decide to what extent each occupation is more appropriate for males (1 point) or females (5 point), with 3 in the middle. CHD Exam 3 (10-13) Flashcards | Quizlet Gender Typing (everything You Need To Know) | OptimistMinds Epub 2018 Jul 9. Instead, people are usually (and often socially required to be) referred to by a combination of their occupation or social role and their proper name. C) parents actively reinforce closeness and independence in boys and dependency in girls. A Pearson correlation analysis (see Table 2) showed a significant positive correlation between the questionnaire results (cognitive gender segregation) and the quantitative gender segregation calculated from Eq. 6683, Blackburn RM et al. Mod China 14:277308, Fromkin V, Rodman R, Hyams N (2010) An introduction to language, 9th edn. Conversely, (male nanny) is well attested but (female nanny) is rare, indicating the gender typing of nannies as female. However, we also observed that the shift over the past 70 years did not form a single smooth curve. Philos Sci 28:1539, Norberg C (2016) Naughty boys and sexy girls: the representation of young individuals in a web-based corpus of English. Correspondence to The age and gender distributions of the participants are presented in Fig. Unlock the answer question What is a potential pitfall of gender rigidity? This is precisely the approach taken in a series of studies researching the interaction of meteorological events, people, and their languages (Huang et al., 2021). Halim ML, Ruble DN, Tamis-LeMonda CS, Zosuls KM, Lurye LE, Greulich FK. ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Occupational gender segregation and gendered language in a language without gender: trends, variations, implications for social development in China, humanities and social sciences communications, $${D}=\frac{1}{2}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{i=1}^{n}| {M}_{i}/M-{F}_{i}/F| \times 100$$, $${\rm{DGS}}=k\times \frac{\alpha {{\rm{TF}}}_{{\rm{f}}}^{v}}{{{\rm{TF}}}_{{\rm{m}}}+{{\rm{TF}}}_{{\rm{f}}}}+b$$, $${\rm{GO}}=4\,\times \,\frac{{{\rm{TF}}}_{{\rm{f}}}}{{{\rm{TF}}}_{{\rm{m}}}+{{\rm{TF}}}_{{\rm{f}}}}+1$$, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00799-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0706-3, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00346.x, https://doi.org/10.1080/0007131022000021461, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950017001000332, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500019503, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00220.x, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716407070142, https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2017.1285041, https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960701702035, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1351324920000121, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00682-w, https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.72.5.965, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-014-9102-6, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/dilthey/, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110848137.349, https://doi.org/10.1177/002218567902100302, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1062-9769(99)00029-0, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0083-5, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070902, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190657, https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1995.11490035, https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.77.3.449, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 0. Research on biological influences on gender typing reveals that A) sex differences in play and personality traits only appear in Western cultures. Psychol Sci 7:136141. The most conservative regions are in fact those with two strong competing cultures or communities. (2). It is easy to understand that the language used in technical articles tends to be more innovative, when compared to other types of writing, as one linguistic feature of scientific writing is its technicality (Fang, 2005) which urges rapid language change in alignment with the fast development of technology. If the link between gender segregation and linguistic conservatism stands, the current finding would support the view that languages in remote areas are more conservative. Gender typing is a term to describe the moment when a child becomes aware of his/her sexual identity, and thus adopts a gender identity. The slim growth in gender marking might be related to the changes in economic organisation as well as social conceptions of the time. Our diachronic study covers 72 years (19462018), based on a corpus of Peoples Daily, the largest and most read newspaper in China. During that period, the states strong control on labour allocation drove women into the workforce. (3)). Figure 7 shows two main inter-provincial migration flows in different historical periods in China. After Chinas reform and opening-up in 1979, a tremendous amount of internal migration from inland to the coastal provinces (e.g. Appl Psychol 2:4451, Lu Y (1987) A brief history of the immigration from Shandong to the northeast in the Qing and Republican periods. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. For example, Bowern (2010) noticed that highly mobile societies, such as pastoralist or nomadic ones, exhibit different patterns of variant propagation than dense, sedentary societies. Lit Ling Comput 28:668675. 4, reflecting the drastic social transformations of occupations and gender and the strong influence of state policy at the time. They found that word pairs are conducive to avoiding a male bias and therefore make women more visible but also lower salary estimates of typically feminine professions. In sociology, there are a number of indices for the measurement of gender segregation. Results from fieldwork and questionnaires administered to both participants in Karate and a sample of students reveal that dissonace created by women's skills is most often resolved by denying. Br J Sociol 53:51336. https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2011.0003, Makkreel RA (2016) Wilhelm Dilthey. Work Employ Soc 7:335362. The effectiveness of the linguistic index in modelling occupational gender segregation was confirmed through survey responses from 244 participants, covering 63 occupations listed in the Holland Occupational Codes. document. By studying chronological as well as regional details of the jagged portions of the development lines, we present a more in-depth understanding of the competing forces behind the development of gender equality and the breaking down of occupational gender segregation in China. Cartei V, Garnham A, Oakhill J, Banerjee R, Roberts L, Reby D. R Soc Open Sci. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950017001000332, Article As can be seen with the general trend, we showed that China has steadily achieved a higher level of gender equality over the past 70 years, and that different geographic regions progressed at different paces. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.72.5.965, Article https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.9.10hol, Horvath LK et al. R: masseur, tailor, cook, worker, cosmetician, machine repairman, barber, cleaner, racer, killer, driver, bartender; I: forensic, pilot, engineer, captain, scientist, veterinarian, doctor, horticulturist; A: translator, writer, singer, gardener, painter, journalist, architect, agent, cartoonist, model, magician, designer, dancer1(), dancer2(), artist, musician, presenter, actor/actress; S: security guard, nurse, coach, teacher, police officer, soldier, SWAT, firefighter, athlete; E: CEO, purchasing agent, ambassador, tour guide, shop assistant, judge, lawyer, businessman, sales clerk, diplomat; C: bank teller, attendant, administrator, accountant, salesman, postman. 2014 Apr;54(4):369-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.004. The level of gender markedness of occupational terms will be calculated with a proposed linguistic index (see Eq. It has been noticed that written varieties change more slowly than spoken varieties (Fromkin et al., 2010). This can be explained in two ways. Computer models can predict with 95.6% accuracy whether a man or woman is typing, according to a new study. The provinces of Xinjiang, Tibet, and Inner Mongolia are listed as minority autonomous regions in China. Occupational gender segregation refers to the tendency of men and women to work in different professions (Blackburn et al., 2002). 2019 Dec 3;116(49):24480-24485. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1909367116. PubMed Central volume8, Articlenumber:133 (2021) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. The scores of Cronbachs alpha tests were >0.9, indicating the high reliability of the questionnaire. J Lang Soc Psychol 23:272307. prenatally administered androgens suppress active play and aggression. 115136. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Acta Psychol Sin 32:453457, Long L, Peng P, Zheng B (1996) A report on the use of Self-Directed Search [SDS] Inventory. Figure 4 shows the diachronic distribution of occupational gender markedness over the past 70 years. 12 pages. Note: Standardized coefficients are depicted. D) children organize behaviors into gender-linked ideas about themselves. The notion of gender is related to the social construction of what it means to behave like a man or woman (Parrillo, 2008), which is closely connected to the cultural beliefs, assumptions, and expectations concerning the social roles of men and women. PubMed Central Google Scholar, Ruble TL (1983) Sex stereotypes: issues of change in the 1970s. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1351324920000121, Huang CR et al. Researchers have claimed that gender differences in Holland personality types and vocational interests are visible (Su et al., 2009). Several studies have shown that both shape and motion inform gender judgments of bodies. Coefficients not in boldface are non-significant. De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, pp 349355. Instead, what we found was that the regions with high population mobility and heterogeneous cultural backgrounds, such as Zhejiang and Heilongjiang, showed the lowest level of gendered language usage. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2019-0049, Yzerbyt VY, Coull A, Rocher SJ (1999) Fencing off the deviant: the role of cognitive resources in the maintenance of stereotypes. The figure shows the GO values for 31 regions, with Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macao excluded. Language Cogn Process 23:464485. Annu Rev Anthropol 21:461490, Emerek R et al. The differences in occupational gender markedness among the genres match the varied speed of change across genres from the perspective of linguistic conservatism. In other words, writing tends to be more conservative and stylistically fixed than speech. This quantitative study shows that (1) the use of gendered language has weakened over time, indicating a decline in occupational gender stereotyping; (2) conservative genres have shown higher degrees of gendered language use; (3) culturally conservative, demographically stable, or geographically remote regions have higher degrees of gendered language use. Collect Womens Stud 2:1720, Watts M (1995) Divergent trends in gender segregation by occupation in the United States: 197092. Heilongjiang province, the northernmost province in China, has experienced at least two great waves of immigration in its history. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Three-year-old Rachael could not solve a conservation-of-liquid task because she focused on the height of the water. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 8:113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424216665672, Pacheco LM (2018) Gender asymmetries in news reports. The horizontal axis indicates the period of time (by year). (1). Predicting Consumer Behavior with Big Data.docx. The site is secure. Careers. (2002) Explaining gender segregation. Consequently, the discourse of and campaigns for women return home and gender differentiation gained public support. (2008) Generically intended, but specifically interpreted: when beauticians, musicians, and mechanics are all men. question. Newly uploaded documents. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02018, Hou R, Huang CR (2020) Classification of regional and genre varieties of Chinese: a correspondence analysis approach based on comparable balanced corpora. Gender schema theory 1) explains how environmental factors contribute to sex differences in behavior and personality traits. parents actively reinforce closeness and independence in boys and dependency in girls. 2022 Nov;58(11):2184-2196. doi: 10.1037/dev0001419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0083-5, Reskin BF, Hartmann HI (eds) (1986) Womens work, mens work: sex segregation on the job. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-014-9102-6, Article The .gov means its official. (2017); and the machine learning-based analysis of large-scale newspaper data to uncover inconsistent coverage of female and male politicians as evidence of social gender bias (Leavy, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110848137.349, Manning P (2005) Migration in world history. Naroll, 1961; Roberts and Winters, 2013) in not being able to rule out the conventionalised dependencies from the environmental dependencies that the study aims to prove.

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