Journal of Personality and Google Scholar, Bauer JJ, Park SW (2010) Growth is not just for the young: growth narratives, eudaimonic resilience, and the aging self. Matches in the health domain were most stable. Comparisons between the longitudinal sample and the two subgroups of noncontinuers at baseline revealed differences in the likelihood of mentioning two domains of hopes, one domain of fears, and in two domains of matched possible selves. Conceiving the self. New hopes and fears were added; other aspects were lost over time. Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging pp 16Cite as. On average, the longitudinal sample had mentioned more hoped-for selves at baseline (M = 2.38) than individuals who died before the follow-up assessment (M = 2.09), F(2,515) = 3.76, p < .05, and also more fears (Ms = 2.24 and 1.87 respectively), F(2,515) = 8.71, p < .001. Brandtstdter, J. Colvin, C. R. (1993). Development of self-concept in Chilean, Mexican, and United States school children. Having a variety of domains reflected in one's hopes and fears might represent a broad motivational basis that is less vulnerable to losses. Chp 16 Flashcards | Quizlet The maintenance of matched hopes and fears about health, for example, might reflect chronic worry and rumination rather than a motivational force. 5. Possible Selves - IResearchNet Social Cognition, 15, 3753. Marked changes with age in the content of this possible self are reviewed. Factor scores for two dimensions of subjective well-being, satisfaction with aging (five items) and life satisfaction (four items), were obtained with a German translation of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (Lawton, 1975; Smith, 2001). To examine the effects of attrition in our longitudinal findings, we include analyses of baseline responses to the possible selves task from the 310 BASE participants who did not continue in the longitudinal study (n = 203 were deceased by the second measurement, and n = 107 were alive but did not complete the task at T3). The most prominent fears were about health (57% at T1 and 54% at T3). A test of Higginss (1987) hypotheses. MacKavey, W. R., Malley, J. E., & Stewart, A. J. Population Division, UN Dept of Economic Social Affairs Population Division, New York, NY, USA, School of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA, Institute of Psychogerontology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitt Erlangen-Nrnberg (FAU), Nrnberg, Germany, Turner, S., Hooker, K. (2019). In R. Leahy (Ed. A trend toward a highly integrated (dedifferentiated) structure might involve the addition or maintenance of matched hopes and fears over the 4 years or a restriction of matched possible selves to highly salient late-life domains like health. 2. 801847). Some developmental changes in the organization of self-evaluations. Other domains probably acquire increased salience in late life (e.g., health), particularly for those individuals who suffer from debilitating illnesses or lack well-functioning support networks. Possible selves are said to work within domains (e.g., Markus & Ruvolo, 1989) but there are also suggestions that separate aspects of the general structure of possible selves (e.g., number of hopes, fears, and matched possible selves) may also be linked to general well-being (e.g., Showers, Abramson, & Hogan, 1998). The numbers of hopes and fears were similar at the follow-up assessment. 7 With age, possible selves become A) greater in number. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 197205. Cross and Markus (1991) found that at all ages persons who reported low life satisfaction generated more hopes about personal characteristics (i.e., indicating a desire to change present self characteristics), compared with those high in life satisfaction who generated more hopes in the occupational, family, and health domains. In: Demick, J., Andreoletti, C. (eds) Handbook of Adult Development. Instruction was the same at both measurement occasions. Although the literature is clear that the dynamics of possible selves reflect changing life circumstances, proposals about specific connections and the time frame of these connections are rare. 97122). Possible selves: Personalized representations of goals. . b. they become increasingly abstract with age . Transcripts of the hopes and fears of participants in the 4-year longitudinal sample of the Berlin Aging Study (N = 206, 70100+ years) were coded for central domains and motives (e.g., gain, maintenance, avoiding loss) and evaluated for the amount and direction of change. Poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis, IN. The majority of participants had at least one matched possible self: On both measurement occasions, 35% of participants had no matched domains in their possible selves. We also aggregated across domains, classifying individuals according to whether, in general, their numbers of hopes, fears, and matched possible selves were stable or changed over time. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. More people included some statements about maintenance in their hoped-for selves, however, at follow-up (60%) than at baseline (43%, OR T3:T1 = 1.99, CI = 1.82.2). Possible selves in adulthood: Incorporating teleonomic relevance into studies of the self. (2002). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Possible selves are self-constructs and self-schemas, identifying a persons hopes or fears for who they may be or what they may experience in the future. Action perspectives on human development. American Psychologist, 41, 954969. Measures of health, functional capacity, and well-being were obtained in different sessions of the BASE Intensive Protocol (see P. B. Baltes & Mayer, 1999). Soc Cogn 24:218247, Waid LD, Frazier LD (2003) Cultural differences in possible selves during later life. and Social Psychology, 5, 186195. Psychology Psychology questions and answers Possible selves a. change greatly with age b. are largely concerned with being the best c. become more idealistic in midlife d. increase in number with age This problem has been solved! Essentially, we compare two discrete snapshots (rather than a single cross-sectional one) of a phenomenon that is portrayed to be highly dynamic and responsive to changes in life context. 7 with age possible selves become a greater in number - Course Hero Such studies will further the, as of yet limited, understanding of the role of future-oriented motivational systems in the maintenance of well-being in very old age. The domains of health (11.7%) and personal characteristics (8.7%) showed the highest percentages of stable mention. . ), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. In the context of hoped-for selves, the motivational orientation of improvement (to attain something) was consistently mentioned by 68% of BASE participants. Journal of Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 1422. B) Personality is well developed by age 30 and rarely changes after this age. CrossRef There were significant differences at baseline, however, between the longitudinal sample and the sample of 203 participants who were deceased at T3. Attrition effects were examined by comparing the baseline data of the longitudinal sample with that of the other 203- and 107-participant subgroups of core BASE sample. Higgins, E. T. (1987). At baseline, the longitudinal sample named means of 2.38 hopes (range = 08) and 2.24 fears (range = 06). Now up your study game with Learn mode. Younger adults frequently emphasize their hoped-for selves, such as becoming a mother or having a profession they enjoy, while emphasizing their feared selves, such as never finding the perfect person or being physically attractive (being in poor health). First, our longitudinal data are restricted to two measurements and to a 4-year interval. What feelings would you not like to have? In current self descriptions, Freund and Smith (1999) found that BASE participants frequently mentioned their activities and interests. Men become more goal-oriented, while women emphasize nurturance. Cate exhibits. a. they increase in number with age . (Eds.). The possible selves of adults aged 70 to 103 years were highly personalized and varied. When max is engrossed in his work, he loses all sense of time and self-awareness. The motivational orientation of old and very old persons expressed in their possible selves was related to well-being. Across hopes and fears, 95% of subjects nominated at least two different domains on both occasions (T1 M = 2.92; T3 M = 2.84). Two pairs of independent raters (one pair per measurement period) subsequently coded these segments into 1 of 24 content categories, using a computer-based randomized procedure in order to avoid context effects. Matched hopes and fears in a domain indicate a high level of motivational control in that domain and the availability of means and strategies for working on future goals (Markus & Ruvolo, 1989). Experts say the best time to get pregnant is between your late 20s and early 30s. Stanford Law Review 43:12411299, Crimmins EM, Levine ME (2016) Current status of research on trends in morbidity, healthy life expectancy, and the compression of morbidity. A segment was defined as beginning with a new thematic content category and ending with the start of a different category. Highest frequencies of change occurred in the domains of personal characteristics (49% changed their hoped-for selves, 47% changed their feared images) and health (48% changed hoped-for selves, 43% changed feared images). SD = 10.56) and 98 healthy controls (with an overall age, gender, educational attainment . All responses were spoken by the participants and recorded by the interviewer (as well as tape-recorded). Psychology and Aging, 6(1), 5059. 3558). Given the increased likelihood of declining health in very old age, we expected health to become the focus of the possible selves of most individuals over time. A) They may be an especially strong motivator of action in midlife.B) They remain considerably stable throughout an individual's lifespan. This allowed us to identify those individuals who remained stable over time (either by consistently mentioning or not mentioning the domain, i.e., the diagonal of the 2 2 matrix) and those individuals who had changed over time either by adding or deleting the domain at follow-up. Other possible selves such as the moral (or ought) self and the fantasy self (the self as one would like to be if anything were possible) are briefly considered and the dearth of research on developmental changes in these selves is noted. 43 Possible Selves - Cognitive Behavior Routledge, New York, pp 4774, Knox M (2006) Gender and possible selves. Developing and maintaining balanced possible selves, particularly in old age, might also serve as a resource for well-being. With age possible selves become A) more concrete B) greater in number C) more idealistic D) loftier . The development of self-understanding from infancy through adolescence. In: Hess TM, Blanchard-Fields F (eds) Social cognition in adulthood. On becoming a person. Similarly, the compartmentalization of positive and negative self-images (and especially an increased focus on positive images) in the context of stressful life changes has been found to minimize the impact of negative life events on well-being (Showers et al., 1998). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1. In W. A. Collins (Ed. Journal of Personality, 733745. Again, these differences were a function of the advanced age of the nonsurvivor subgroup: When age was added as a covariate, group differences were no longer significant. Now 65, Davenport says her health scares forced her to act rather than just think about what's ahead. What experiences would you not like to have? Velasco-Barraza, C. R., & Muller, D. (1982). Personal desires and cultural demands jointly shape adults' generative activities. Possible selves. New York: Basic Books. Childrens self-image disparity: Effects of age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender. The Development of Possible Selves During Adulthood. The literature on the self in old age suggests that there might be differences between the young-old and oldest old in terms of the number, content, and dynamics of possible selves (e.g., Markus & Herzog, 1991). The most prominent domains of hopes and fears mentioned at both measurement occasions by the longitudinal sample were personal characteristics and health (see Table 2). Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). (1995). (Avoidance) I fear that the problems I have with my vision will stay as they arethat the operation will not help. Possible Selves Theory | SpringerLink Although several cross-sectional studies have included older adults (e.g., Cross & Markus, 1991; Hooker, 1992; Ryff, 1991), most research on the possible selves model of Markus and colleagues has been undertaken with college students and adolescents (e.g., Fraser & Eccles, 1995; Markus & Ruvolo, 1989; Oyserman & Markus, 1990). In R. Lipka & T. M. Brinthaupt (Eds. A trend toward compartmentalization (differentiation), in contrast, might involve the addition or maintenance of more fears than hopes or the increased domination of possible selves by fears. Showers, C. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Hogan, M. E. (. Address correspondence to Jacqui Smith or Alexandra Freund, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Hopes about health at baseline were negatively related to baseline subjective health (r = .15, p < .05). Mindplay: The creative uses of daydreaming. At baseline, only 7 (3%) participants focused on a single domain, and at follow-up it was 5%. Ryff, C. D. (1991). fewer; modest; concrete. We also observed changes in the extent to which hopes and fears within a domain were matched and a progression toward adding matches in the domain of health. 14. Given the realistic constraints associated with declines in health, activities and interests may be things that people are prepared to abandon (or to leave out of their future self images) because they can gain esteem from memories of past acts and present achievements. J Mark Res 48:S23S37, Hooker K (1992) Possible selves and perceived health in older adults and college students. In the domain of personal characteristics and life events there was a trend for more people to delete hopes and fears than to add them. A. These figures were similar at baseline for the surviving nonparticipants (n = 107), however, a few more of the people who were deceased at the second measurement (n = 203) had no hopes (6%) or no fears (9%). Life evaluation is common in middle adulthood. In addition to health, we expected that concerns about social relationships and personal characteristics would be the focal domains of the possible selves of individuals aged between 70 and 100+ years. so it's possible to say that someone is 6.225549 years old. Depressive experience questionnaire. We do not know what the upper bounds of possible selves would be, or how the distribution of topics across domains would change, if the task did not specify a limit. Manuscript in preparation. Am Psychol 41:954969, Neugarten BL (1964) Personality in middle and late life: empirical studies. C) The extent of personality change over time is fairly consistent for the population as a whole. To begin, it is recognized that, for the majority of the oldest old, declining health and losses in life quality are inevitable and that this places strong constraints on achieving new goals (Smith, 2001; Smith & Baltes, 1999). There were no age-related differences in the number of fears mentioned. Possible selves are the negative dimension of self-concept. We had expected that a substantial number of individuals might report having no hopes or fears. In T. M. Hess & F. Blanchard-Fields (Eds. Third, our examination of changes in possible selves is exploratory. Judgable people: Personality, behavior, and competing explanations. Nine persons (4%) had no hoped-for self, and five (2%) responded that they had no feared self-images. Domains of the real and ideal self-image: Relationships to gender, depression, and adjustment. B) more lofty. Cross, S., & Markus, H. (1991). Toward an understanding of risk factors for bulimia. Please describe two images of yourself that you fear or dread. "It's been tough living on my own and building the business," Jewel said. In this regard, we expected to observe both stability and change in the profile of domains over the 4 years. Possible Selves Theory. The development and adaptiveness of self-image discrepancies in adulthood. Time may also play a role in changing the overall motivational orientation from striving for maintenance to a focus on the management of loss (Heckhausen, 1998; Staudinger, Marsiske, & Baltes, 1995). Full article: Possible selves, strategies and perceived likelihood C) more concrete. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Research with adolescents on possible selves in the academic domain, for example, has indicated that few young people consistently include matched hopes and fears in their mentioned future selves (e.g., Fraser & Eccles, 1995; Oyserman & Markus, 1990). Consistent with this view, we found that individuals who added matched possible selves related to personal characteristics, who added two or more new domains of hope, or who maintained motives to strive for something had a higher likelihood of increasing their life satisfaction over time. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. What are your personal wishes and hopes? B)more lofty. Psychology and Aging, 6, 286295. Cate age 49 acknowledges both her good and bad qualities and feels positively about herself and life. Responses about possible selves were collected as the second task in a 90-min interview session about self and personality (see Smith & Baltes, 1999, for details about this session). Two raters independently read the complete transcribed response (instead of separate segments as described for domain coding) and scored mention of each motivational orientation on a dichotomous scale (0 = not mentioned, 1 = mentioned). Possible selves, a term coined by Hazel Markus and Paula Nurius, are described as how an individual thinks about his or her potential and future. Atherton Press, New York, Oyserman D, Bybee D, Terry K, Hart-Johnson T (2004) Possible selves as roadmaps. There were also links across domains: The more fears added about health, the more fears were deleted about personal characteristics (r = .39, p < .01) over time. Strauss, R., & Goldberg, W. A. All longitudinal protocols for hopes (N = 412, randomized across measurement occasions) were scored before those for fears. Baseline protocols for noncontinuers in the longitudinal sample (N = 310) had been coded for motivational orientation at T1 using a similar procedure. C) They are unimportant to researchers because they are merely hopes.D) They focus on hopes about the future rather than fears about what might be. Aging Alone: How to Build a Community to Rely On - AARP Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 689700. Our operationalization of matched possible selves revealed low stability over 4 years. Fifty people (24%) reported that an event had occurred that they perceived to have made a significant change in their life. Comparison of residential address and marital status information indicated changes for 20 individuals (10%): Six people moved into a home, two moved out of a home into a private residence, 10 people were widowed, and two were married. growing old and social experiences. Attention is given next to whether or not a high ideal self is adaptive for individuals at different life stages. Am Psychol 54:165181, Chatterji S, Byles J, Cutler D, Seeman T, Verdes E (2015) Health, functioning, and disability in older adults present status and future implications. Trends and profiles of psychological functioning in very old age. The best and worst of it: Age and sex differences in self-discrepancy research. Because the time interval between measurement was not the same for each person, we computed time-adjusted difference scores for continuous variables (e.g., number of hopes) as a further measure of change. Fraser, K., & Eccles, J. S. (1995, May). Characteristics of Possible Selves: Summary of Findings at Two Measurement Points. Unpublished manuscript. The domains of health and personal characteristics were also the focus of matched possible selves (e.g., 27% of the sample had matched possible selves for health at T1 and 32% at T3). Often called "solo agers," they may be widowed, divorced or never married. Given these limitations, what conclusions can be made? Journal of Furthermore, the transition to very old age is generally accompanied by an increased awareness of the closeness of one's own death that influences the types of personal goals selected in late life and the temporal extension of these goals (e.g., Carstensen, Isaacowitz, & Charles, 1999; Johnson & Barer, 1997). A., & Wells, Y. Explore This Quiz Learn More Psychology [Solved] With Age,possible Selves Become | Quiz+ 9. Accessed 10 Mar 2019, Cotrell V, Hooker K (2005) Possible selves of individuals with Alzheimers disease. We expected these changes to interact with age: Most change should be observed in persons aged over 80 years. However, all BASE participants were more likely to mention fears about life events at baseline (34%) than at follow-up (24%, OR = 1.63). In: Fry PS, Keyes CLM (eds) New frontiers in resilient aging: life-strengths and well-being in late life. What experiences would you like to have? Lifespan Ch11 Flashcards | Chegg.com Boston: Houghton Mifflin. At baseline and at follow-up, the BASE possible selves task was part of an individual face-to-face interview session assessing self and personality constructs (Smith & Baltes, 1999). People who added matched possible selves about health, focused on maintenance, and added few new domains of hopes declined in life satisfaction. There were no age-related differences at this aggregated level. Childbearing Age: What's Ideal and What Are the Risks? - Healthline The age and time-related changes in the content and structure of possible selves described above may be associated with individual differences in life context, health, and well-being. Correlations between these change scores and the similarly constructed change scores for life satisfaction, satisfaction with aging, subjective health, and number of diagnosed illnesses were not significant. At least with regard to declining health, we found that it enhanced the likelihood of developing fears in the domain of health. Whereas concerns about the social, interpersonal, and occupational self are prominent domains in the future scenarios of young and middle-aged adults, in later life the domain of health is seen as being more salient (Hooker, 1992; 1999). Transcripts of hopes and fears were coded separately, as were the transcripts from the two measurement occasions. Handbook of Adult Development pp 257270Cite as, Part of the The Springer Series in Adult Development and Aging book series (SSAD). (Improvement/Attain), I don't want those who are dearest to me to die before I do. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0617-1_14, The Springer Series in Adult Development and Aging. We ran several exploratory analyses to examine links between changes in well-being, health, and life contexts and changes in possible selves. Possible selves are thought to be maximally motivationally significant when hopes in a domain are balanced by fears about that domain. Minnesota: The Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology. As can be seen, few individuals consistently mentioned matched hopes and fears over the 4 years of the study in each domain. Even the oldest old considered ideas of actively achieving and preventing salient possible selves. They suggested that a large number of highly interrelated possible selves (matched hopes and fears can be viewed as a special case of interrelated possible selves) can have detrimental affective consequences when individuals are confronted with negative events. D)more egocentric. To begin, we focused on the aggregated characteristics. Psychology and Aging, 6, 286-295. The significance of these observations, however, needs to be compared with data from younger age groups. 807863). Baltes, P. B., & Mayer, K. U. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. A., Wells, Y., & Merisca, R. (2000). Alternatively, it could be that adaptive processes of compensation, selection, and optimization in old age lead not to changes in sheer number but rather to a reduction with increasing age in the range of different domains in which one has hopes and fears (Freund & Baltes, 2000). Personhood in advanced old age. The dynamic interplay of possible self content in relation to new challenges associated with changes in life circumstances and the relationship between current self-descriptions and future scenarios remains to be investigated. Finally, the present study did not ask participants about their specific goal-directed behaviors over time. In J. M. Gottman (Ed. The dimensions coded and our efforts to portray the varied patterns of change (both in relation to content domain and motivation) need to be refined. Nevertheless, participants differed with regard to the number of possible selves they generated: some generated fewer, some more. We thank Claudia Hauschild, Ute Kunzmann, Andreas Mller-Heydenreich, Irmgard Pahl, Anita Guenther, Dominik Boultwood, Simone Elsing, Brigitte Nill, Claus Stefan, and Andrea Wilcke for assistance in coding these data. J Gerontol 47:P85P95, Hooker K (1999) Possible selves in adulthood: Incorporating teleonomic relevance into studies of the self. In the domain of health, however, more people added (30%) than deleted (18%) hoped-for self images. (1992). Smith, J., Maas, I., Mayer, K. U., Helmchen, H., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., & Baltes, P. B. Adult Development.

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