Despite the opposition of the Church, Duruy opened schools for girls in each commune with more than five hundred residents, a total of eight hundred new schools. As for me, I defend myself, and I often capitulate. Count Cavour, the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, came to Paris with the King and employed an unusual emissary in his efforts to win the support of Napoleon III: his beautiful young cousin, Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione (18371899). I believe I am one of those men. [99], In 1862, Napoleon III sent troops to Mexico in an effort to establish an allied monarchy in the Americas, with Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria enthroned as Emperor Maximilian I. On 28 July, he departed Saint-Cloud by train for the front. But by this time, Metz had already fallen, leaving Napoleon without a power base. Napolon III - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia He expected to see King William, but instead he was met by Bismarck and the German commander, General von Moltke. She played a role in the organization of his failed Coup attempt in Boulogne, in August 1840. "[59] He did not advocate the government getting directly involved in industry. The National Guard, whose members had sometimes joined anti-government demonstrations, was re-organized and largely used only in parades. He rarely went to the sessions of the National Assembly and rarely voted. Napoleon III, the Last Emperor of France - World History Edu While in Britain, he had visited factories and railway yards; in prison, he had studied and written about the sugar industry and policies to reduce poverty. Bismarck swiftly intervened and showed the British ambassador a copy of Napoleon's demands; as a result, he put pressure on William III to refuse to sell Luxembourg to France. In seven months, he had gone from a political exile in London to a highly visible place in the National Assembly, as the government finished the new Constitution and prepared for the first election ever of a President of the French Republic. He reached Arenenberg in time to be with his mother on 5 August 1837, when she died. The United States warned that recognition would mean war. Napoleon III's bedroom was decorated with a talisman from Charlemagne (a symbol of good luck for the Bonaparte family), while his office featured a portrait of Julius Caesar by Ingres and a large map of Paris that he used to show his ideas for the reconstruction of Paris to his prefect of the Seine department, Baron Georges-Eugne Haussmann. His office issued a statement: "Numerous complaints have come to the Emperor on the subject of the works of art which were refused by the jury of the Exposition. Louis Napoleon was widely expected to win, but the size of his victory surprised almost everyone. France's industries were forced to modernize and become more efficient to compete with the British, as Napoleon III had intended. [2] Louis married Hortense when he was twenty-four and she was nineteen. Animelover22 Answer:I hope this helps Doesn't he know he has dishonored himself?! Napoleon III (born Charles Louis Napolon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 9 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napolon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed in absentia on 4 September 1870. Luxembourg had regained its de jure independence in 1839 as a grand duchy. Hugo supported Louis Napoleon in the election for president, but after the coup d'tat went into exile and became his most relentless and eloquent enemy. His enemies later derisively called him "Badinguet", the name of the laborer whose identity he had assumed. Benedetti returned to Paris and the affair seemed finished. In November of that year, the Prince-President asked the French to accept the return of the Imperial regime, and with a referendum coming out in favor of this, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon III. 22-1: The France of Napoleon III. The Constitution re-established universal male suffrage, and also retained a National Assembly, albeit one with reduced authority.[54]. From 1848to 1870 His traces at Versailles His representations Emperor of the French from 1851 to 1870 After a turbulent youth and several attempts to seize power during the July Monarchy, he was elected President of the French Second Republic in 1848. Historians have also praised his attention to the fate of the working classes and poor people. Napoleon's new prime minister, mile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honourably do to prevent the war, and that he accepted the responsibility "with a light heart". [32], Louis Napoleon established his campaign headquarters and residence at the Htel du Rhin on Place Vendme. In the next elections, on 4 June, where candidates could run in multiple departments, he was elected in four different departments; in Paris, he was among the top five candidates, just after the conservative leader Adolphe Thiers and Victor Hugo. [86], On the evening of 14 January 1858, Napoleon and the Empress escaped an assassination attempt unharmed. The civil ceremony took place at Tuileries Palace on 22 January 1853, and a much grander ceremony was held a few days later at the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. [103] In 1870 the French battleship D'Entrecasteaux anchored at Corral drawing suspicions from Cornelio Saavedra of some sort of French interference in the ongoing occupation of Mapuche lands. He was not a gifted orator; he spoke slowly, in a monotone, with a slight German accent from his Swiss education. Bismarck saw Austria and France as the main obstacles to his ambitions, and he set out to divide and defeat them. "[89], Assured of the support of Napoleon III, Count Cavour began to prepare the army of Piedmont-Sardinia for war against Austria. During their flight, Napolon-Louis contracted measles. Ledru-Rollin fled to England, Raspail was arrested and sent to prison, the republican clubs were closed, and their newspapers closed down. Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1808-1873) - napoleon.org Chin: pointed. A nephew of Napoleon I and cousin of the disputed Napoleon II, he was the first person elected to the presidency of the Second Republic in 1848, and he seized power by force in 1851 when he could not constitutionally be reelected. The newspaper Le Journal des Dbats wrote, "this surpasses comedy. His proposal was opposed by many French officers, such as Marshal Randon, who preferred a smaller, more professional army; he said: "This proposal will only give us recruits; it's soldiers we need. Part 1. [111], To help the working class, Napoleon III offered a prize to anyone who could develop an inexpensive substitute for butter; the prize was won by the French chemist Hippolyte Mge-Mouris, who in 1869 patented a product he named oleomargarine, later shortened simply to margarine. When Napoleon returned to Paris the city was decorated with large arches, with banners proclaiming "To Napoleon III, emperor". "Defining 'Empire' under Napoleon III: Lucien-Anatole Prvost-Paradol and Paul Leroy-Beaulieu. The French Empire (or Napoleonic Empire) formally existed during two periods when the head of the French state was a monarch who held the title of Emperor of the French.. One of his first acts was to settle scores with his old enemy, King Louis-Philippe, who had sent him to prison for life, and who had died in 1850. [1] They went to Britain briefly, and then back into exile in Switzerland. . It was long and bloody, and the French center was exhausted and nearly broken, but the battle was finally won by a timely attack on the Austrian flank by the soldiers of General MacMahon. MacMahon, Marshal Bazaine, and the count of Palikao, with the Empress in Paris, all had different ideas of what the army should do next, and the Emperor had to act as a referee. In the meantime, the Germans had assembled a much larger army opposite Alsace and Lorraine than the French had expected or were aware of. But on 3 July, the Prussian army crushed the Austrian army at the Battle of Kniggrtz in Bohemia. His campaign agents, many of them veterans from Napoleon Bonaparte's army, raised support for him around the country. They met in 1846, soon after his return to Britain. Lips: thick. [184][75] However, historians have generally given Napoleon negative evaluations on his foreign policy, and somewhat more positive evaluations of his domestic policies, especially after he liberalized his rule after 1858. We have, in front of Marseille, a vast kingdom to assimilate into France. He had been in Britain in 1846 when Prime Minister Robert Peel had lowered tariffs on imported grains, and he had seen the benefits to British consumers and the British economy. Similar agreements were negotiated with the Netherlands, Italy, and France's other neighbors. Marshal Canrobert, who saw him on 28 July, wrote that the Emperor "was pitiful to see. Soon after becoming emperor, Napoleon III began searching for a wife to give him an heir. [33], His campaign appealed to both the left and right. He expressed his conviction that "Louis-Napoleon was resolved on a forward foreign policy". About one third of the eligible voters abstained. Napoleon III also began or completed the restoration of several important historic landmarks, carried out for him by Eugne Viollet-le-Duc. Government officials were required to wear uniforms at official formal occasions. On the fall of the French Empire, in 1815, she went to live in Switzerland with her son Louis-Napolon, the future Napoleon III. [174][pageneeded] Among his numerous lovers and mistresses were:[175][pageneeded], His wife, Eugnie, resisted his advances prior to marriage. What was the foreign policy of Napoleon III like? In 1856, Eugnie gave birth to a son and heir-apparent, Napolon, Prince Imperial.[72]. They also asked Napoleon to sign the preliminary documents of a peace treaty, but Napoleon refused, telling them that the French government headed by the Regent, Empress Eugnie, would need to negotiate any peace agreement. On 19 July 1870, a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government.[148]. No newspaper dealing with political or social questions could be published without the permission of the government, fines were increased, and the list of press offenses was expanded. How long did Napoleon III rule France? The bombing focused the attention of France and particularly of Napoleon III, on the issue of Italian nationalism.[87]. The canal project was funded by shares on the Paris stock market and led by a former French diplomat, Ferdinand de Lesseps. On 29 October 1836, Louis Napoleon arrived in Strasbourg, in the uniform of an artillery officer; he rallied the regiment to his side. The socialists and "red" republicans, led by Ledru-Rollin and Raspail, also did well, winning two hundred seats. [122], In the legislative elections of 31 May 1863, the pro-government candidates received 5,308,000 votes, while the opposition received 1,954,000 votes, three times more than in the previous elections. Huge crowds had gathered in Paris on 15 December 1840 when the remains of Napoleon Bonaparte were returned with great ceremony to Paris and handed over to Louis Napoleon's old enemy, King Louis-Philippe, while Louis Napoleon could only read about it in prison. [112], His most important social reform was the 1864 law that gave French workers the right to strike, which had been forbidden since 1810. [136], Napoleon III was overconfident in his military strength and went into war even after he failed to find any allies who would support a war to stop German unification.[137]. The Italians responded by demanding that France withdraw its troops who were protecting the Pope in Rome. Napoleon III had conservative and traditional taste in art: his favourite painters were Alexandre Cabanel and Franz Xaver Winterhalter, who received major commissions, and whose work was purchased for state museums. They began to live together, she took in his two illegitimate children and raised them with her own son, and she provided financing for his political plans so that, when the moment came, he could return to France.[25]. He was also favourable towards the 1859 union of the Danubian Principalities, which resulted in the establishment of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. At the beginning of his reign, he was also an advocate of a new "principle of nationalities" (principe des nationalits) that supported the creation of new states based on nationality, such as Italy, in place of the old multinational empires, such as the Habsburg monarchy (or Empire of Austria, known since 1867 as Austria-Hungary). Made president by popular vote in 1848, Napoleon III ascended to the throne on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of his uncle, Napoleon I's, coronation. The results of the school reforms were dramatic: in 1852, over 40 percent of army conscripts in France were unable to read or write, yet by 1869, the number had dropped to 25 percent. Napoleon had named a new foreign minister, Antoine Agenor, the Duke de Gramont, who was hostile to Bismarck. Napoleon's support for the Italian patriots and his confrontation with Pope Pius IX over who would govern Rome made him unpopular with fervent French Catholics, and even with Empress Eugnie, who was a fervent Catholic. A crowd of 15,00020,000 persons, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. The French troops came under fire from Garibaldi's soldiers. This is how I see the Empire, if the Empire is re-established. Explanation: Advertisement Answer No one rated this answer yet why not be the first? Napoleon the III (named Charles Louis Napoleon) became emperor in 1852. This empire lasted from 1804 to 1814, from the Consulate of the First French Republic to the Bourbon Restoration, and . He was less engaged in governing and less attentive to detail, but still sought opportunities to increase French commerce and prestige globally. To win over the French Catholics and his wife, he agreed to guarantee that Rome would remain under the Pope and independent from the rest of Italy, and agreed to keep French troops there. Napoleon III also directed the building of the French railway network, which contributed to the development of the coal mining and steel industry in France. His hydraulic chief engineer, Eugne Belgrand, built a new aqueduct to bring clean water from the Vanne River in the Champagne region, and a new huge reservoir near the future Parc Montsouris. [44], Louis Napoleon believed that he was supported by the people, and he decided to retain power by other means. [1] [2] Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I, king of the Franks ( r. 509-511 ), as the first king of France. [82], It took France and Britain six months to organize a full-scale military expedition to the Black Sea. When Louis Napoleon became Napoleon III of France, he refused to see Lon. Acting presidents are denoted by italics. [38] To please the radical republicans, he asked the Pope to introduce liberal reforms and the Code Napoleon to the Papal States. [38], He also made his first venture into foreign policy, in Italy, where as a youth he had joined in the patriotic uprising against the Austrians. The first department store, Bon March, opened in Paris in 1852 in a modest building and expanded rapidly, its income increasing from 450,000 francs a year to 20million. Timeline: the 2nd French Republique and the 2nd Empire - napoleon.org It became difficult for him to ride a horse, and he was obliged to walk slowly, often with a cane. Of eight million eligible voters, 5,200,000 votes went to the official candidates and 800,000 to opposition candidates. The other mutineers were put on trial in Alsace, and were all acquitted. However, after his son, an officer in the British Army, died in 1879 fighting against the Zulus in South Africa, Eugnie decided to build a monastery and a chapel for the remains of Napoleon III and their son. It had been damaged by his six years in prison at Ham; he had chronic pains in his legs and feet, particularly when it was cold, and as a result, he always lived and worked in overheated rooms and offices. In 1861, through the direct intervention of the Emperor and the Empress, Julie-Victoire Daubi became the first woman in France to receive the baccalaurat diploma. He expanded the French overseas empire, made the French merchant navy the second largest in the world, and personally engaged in two wars. When the votes were counted, Napoleon III had lost Paris and the other big cities but decisively won the rest of the country. Napoleon's attempt to install the archduke Maximilian, the brother of the Austrian Emperor, in Mexico was just coming to its disastrous conclusion; the French troops had just been withdrawn from Mexico in February 1867, and the unfortunate Maximilian would be captured, judged and shot by a firing squad on 19 June. [11], In exile with his mother in Switzerland, he enrolled in the Swiss Army, trained to become an officer, and wrote a manual of artillery (his uncle Napoleon had become famous as an artillery officer). His half-brother Morny and a few close advisors quietly began to organise a coup d'tat. In April 1855, Napoleon III and Eugnie went to England and were received by the Queen; in turn, Victoria and Prince Albert visited Paris. [157] MacMahon arrived at Sedan with one hundred thousand soldiers, not knowing that two German armies were closing in on the city (one from the west and one from the east), blocking any escape. The Emperor and MacMahon proposed moving their army closer to Paris to protect the city, but on 17 August Bazaine telegraphed to the Emperor: "I urge you to renounce this idea, which seems to abandon the Army at Metz Couldn't you make a powerful diversion toward the Prussian corps, which are already exhausted by so many battles? Louis Napoleon wished to demonstrate that his new government had a broad popular mandate, so on 2021 December a national plebiscite was held asking if voters agreed to the coup. Maintaining leadership for 22 years, he was the longest-reigning leader of France since the fall of the Ancien Rgime, although his reign would ultimately end on the battlefield. Edited by Ernest Lavisse and Alfred Rambaud. A. He was swiftly dethroned and the Third Republic was proclaimed in Paris. The population of Paris had doubled since 1815, with neither an increase in its area nor a development of its structure of very narrow medieval streets and alleys. In 1839, he had written: "Government is not a necessary evil, as some people claim; it is instead the benevolent motor for the whole social organism. Toggle The Second French Empire subsection, Toggle Foreign policy (18521860) subsection, Toggle Life at the court of Napoleon III subsection, Toggle Social and economic policies subsection, Toggle Titles, styles, honours and arms subsection, Bonapartist succession and philosophy of Bonapartism, Second coup, prison, escape and exile (18401848), 1848 Revolution and birth of the Second Republic, Modernising the infrastructure and the economy (18531869), Development of steamships and early reconstruction on Paris, Alliance with Britain and the Crimean War (18531856), War in Italy Magenta and Solferino (1859), Rights to strike and organise (18641866), Education for girls and women, school reform (18611869), Lower tariffs and the re-opening of French markets (1860), Growing opposition and liberal concessions (18601870), Search for allies, and war between Austria and Prussia, Failure to increase the size of the French Army, Hohenzollern candidacy and the Ems telegram, Speech of 9 October in Bordeaux, published in, David Brown, "Palmerston and AngloFrench Relations, 18461865,", Ren Viviani, Henri Robert and Albert Meurg, History of the XIX century (18481871). The Germans arrived on 31 August, and by 1 September, occupied the heights around Sedan where they placed artillery batteries, and began shelling the French positions below. The Paris Opera was the centerpiece of Napoleon III's new Paris. The prefecture was seized, and the prefect arrested. Four hundred of the top industrialists in France came to Paris to protest, but he refused to yield. B. A few barricades appeared in the working-class neighborhoods of Paris. During their brief stay in Paris Louis Napoleon had become convinced that Bonapartist sentiment was still strong among the French people and the army. Emperor of the French1769-1821. The new Assembly contained a large opposition block ranging from Catholics outraged by the Papal policies to Legitimists, Orlanists, protectionists and republicans, armed with new powers given to them by the Emperor himself. Three to four hundred people were killed in street fighting after the coup d'tat. In confused and often ill-directed fighting, there were approximately forty thousand casualties, including 11,500 French. Napoleon III: The Second French Empire (Part II) - TheCollector Palmerston's goal was to arrange peaceful relations with France in order to free Britain's diplomatic hand elsewhere in the world. Napoleon III felt he could extract a price from both Prussia and Austria for French neutrality. Born on the island of Corsica,. Alphand termed these small parks "green and flowering salons".